Mengenai Toefl Ibt

Mengenai toefl ibt

TOEFL adalah sarana untuk menguji kemampuan bahasa inggris anda. Nilai TOEFL digunakan sebagai tolak ukur kemampuan and kesiapan anda untuk belajar atau bekerja di negara yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris: Amerika. Hampir semua universitas di Amerika menerima nilai TOEFL anda.

TOEFL dibagi menjadi 3: Paper based, CBT (computer based) dan IBT (internet based). TOEFL pada saat ini adalah IBT. Pertanyaan grammar yang terdapat pada CBT dan paper based tidak akan lagi muncul dalam TOEFL-IBT.
TOEFL IBT menguji anda dalam 4 area:

• reading - 30 points. 3 bacaan, 12-14 pertanyaan setiap bacaan, 60 menit total

• listening - 30 points. 2 conversation, 4 short lectures, 45 menit total

• speaking - 30 points. Berbicara mengenai pengalaman/ pendapat anda. Anda juga akan mengutarakan pendapat anda setelah membaca/ mendengarkan sebuah materi. 20 menit total

• writing - 30 points. Baca dan dengarkan sebuah materi yang disediakan, kemudian tulis karangan anda berdasarkan pertanyaan seputar materi yang telah anda dengar dan baca. Bagian ke-2 anda akan diminta menulis karangan berdasarkan topik yang disediakan. 50 menit total

Score yang diperlukan untuk masuk universitas kira-kira adalah 77 (Purdue University). Anda harus cek universitas yang anda ingin daftar untuk melihat permintaan minimum nilai TOEFL anda.

Reading
Untuk reading disarankan anda untuk memahami ide dan point-point dari seluruh bacaan. Anda juga bisa harus memahami arah pembicaraan dalam bacaan. Apa hubungan paragraf 1 dan 2.. Pertanyaan-pertanyaan adalah sbb:

• vocabulary questions - anda akan ditanya kosa kata.

• paraphrase kalimat yang ada dibacaan. Anda harus memilih kalimat yang artinya sama dengan kalimat yang di tandai di bacaan anda.

• pertanyaan yang jawabannya bisa anda temukan langsung dibacaan.

• pertanyaan yang jawabannya anda harus bisa men-deduksikan dari bacaan.

• pertanyaan dimana anda diminta untuk merangkum seluruh isi bacaan.

Listening
Dalam listening, anda diperbolehkan mencatat selagi mendengarkan pembicaraan. Sering kali sepotong bagian pembicaraan akan di ulang sebelum pertanyaan. Jangan kuatir untuk menghafal istilah atau detail dari pembicaraan yang anda dengar. Sama seperti reading, dengarkanlah dan tangkaplah makna dan alur pembicaraan secara keseluruhan.

Speaking
Anda akan diminta berbicara mengenai pertanyaan-pertanyaan yang diberikan. Jangan kuatir karena anda diberi waktu untuk mempersiapkan topik-topik yang akan anda bicarakan. waktu persiapan kira-kira 15-30 detik. Tulislah point-point penting saja.

Jangan kuatir mengenai aksen/logat bicara anda. Gunakalah logat bicara natural anda. Penilai tidak melihat logat anda tetapi melihat apakah pengucapan anda benar dan jelas.

Writing
Ketika menulis untuk TOEFL anda tidak perlu menggunakan kosa-kata yang tidak lazim. Jangan menggunakan kosa-kata yang anda tidak terlalu yakin penggunaannya.

Inti penting dari sebuah writing adalah:

• grammar yang baik dan benar
• isi yang relevant dengan topik
• kata-kata atau kalimat penguhubung antara paragraf yang satu ke berikutnya

Mohon melihat blog tentang cara menulis essay argumentatif yang baik dan benar.

Subject-Verb Agreement 

Basic rule of subject-verb:

• Countable
• Singular - Use Singular Verb
  An apple is priced at $5.00
• plural - Use Plural Verb
  Two apples are priced at $7.00
• Uncountable - always use singular very
  
  Water is very important if you want to survive.

Identify which is the subject
	The effects of the terrorist attack are seen even today.	subject: effects - plural
Noun1 + and + Noun2	The apples offered by Jane are very crispy and delicious.	subject:apples - plural
Two nouns joined with the following: together with as well as accompanied by with/along with The first noun is the subject	His boss and colleague encourage him to open a bakery. Danny and Jane invite you to their wedding. His mother as well as his friends encourages him to study engineering. The english professor, together with his assistants, is going to attent the seminar	subject: boss+colleague(plural) subject: Danny and Jane (plural) Subject: His mother (singular) Subject: The english professor (singular)
With certain expression of quantity: some of, two thirds of, most of, a lot of, lots of, ninety percent of depend on the noun that follow	Some of the book is boring. Some of the books are boring. A lot of equipment is purchased. A lof of machines are damaged during the riot.	Subject: Equipment (singular) Subject: Machines(plural)
"There is/ are" depends on the noun that follow	There is nobody There are many books on the table.
who, which, what ...	He is the president who approves the new law. I want a computer which is very light and portable She is one of my teachers who punish me all the time	president(singular) - approves a computer(singular) - is my teachers(plural) - punish

Some Subject is Always SINGULAR
Indefinite pronouns: one, each every, everyone, everybody, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, either, neither	Everyone is required to wear a shoe. No one is going to receive special treatment. Either of the men is lying. Neither of the boys is telling the truth.
The following collective nouns: equipment, machinery, furniture, ammunition, installation, electricity, information, advice, feedback, software, advertising, mail, postage, update, education, housing, nutrition, pollution, contamination, conservation, clothing, foods, health, manpower, leadership, evidence, justice, violence, peance, tolerance, honesty, reliability	Violence has always resulted in destruction. Electricity is very unstable in certain remote regions. The furniture is dirty. The equipment needs to be replaced.
Some nouns end with -s, but they are singular: news, economics, politics, statistics, mathematics, physics, the United States	Statistics is the most hated subject in collage. Physics has been my interest. The news is boring. The United States does not tolerate the use of drug.
The number of + ........	The number of people is 1000.
Anything about money, time and distance	One dollar is a lot in some countries. 20 dollars is too much for that kind of item. One mile is easy to run. Two miles is quite easy. 10 minutes is all the time I need to fix the problem.
Two nouns that naturally comes together: Bread and butter, Bed and breakfast	Fish and chips is my favourite snack. Bed and breakfast in that county costs only $70.

Some Subjects are Always SINGULAR
Indefinite pronouns: one, each every, everyone, everybody, somebody, no one, nobody, anyone, either, neither	Everyone is required to wear a shoe. No one is going to receive special treatment. Either of the men is lying. Neither of the boys is telling the truth.
The following collective nouns: equipment, machinery, furniture, ammunition, installation, electricity, information, advice, feedback, software, advertising, mail, postage, update, education, housing, nutrition, pollution, contamination, conservation, clothing, foods, health, manpower, leadership, evidence, justice, violence, peance, tolerance, honesty, reliability	Violence has always resulted in destruction. Electricity is very unstable in certain remote regions. The furniture is dirty. The equipment needs to be replaced.
Some nouns end with -s, but they are singular: news, economics, politics, statistics, mathematics, physics, the United States	Statistics is the most hated subject in collage. Physics has been my interest. The news is boring. The United States does not tolerate the use of drug.
The number of + ........	The number of people is 1000.
Anything about money, time and distance	One dollar is a lot in some countries. 20 dollars is too much for that kind of item. One mile is easy to run. Two miles is quite easy. 10 minutes is all the time I need to fix the problem.
Two nouns that naturally comes together: Bread and butter, Bed and breakfast	Fish and chips is my favorite snack. Bed and breakfast in that county costs only $70.

Some Subjects are Always PLURAL
staff, personnel, police	The staff are working together to solve the problem. The police are on the way here.
A number of ....	A number of people do not have proper housing
The following nouns referring to general group of people: the rich, the educated, the sick, the poor,	The poor are given free food yesterday. The rich are richer in third world country.

Some Subjects denpend on the context
the following nouns: board, committee, company, management, family, jury, audience If the sentence show that they are in unity, they are considered as singular.	The family have different tastes in food. The family works together to fix the house. The management are in arguement against one another. The management is doing well with the hotel.
Some nouns become uncountable	Some nouns become countable
Sound travels faster than cars. Crime does not solve your economic problem.	Sounds of laughter fill the room as the comedian appear. His crimes are serious

Exercise 1

1. East Indies (refer/refers) to Indonesia today.
2. The jury (is/are) unable to make decision.
3. Some of the furniture (is/are) damaged.
4. The statistics (is/are) not accurate.
5. A number of houses (was/were) destroyed during the hurricane.
6. Everyone (is/are) terrified by the dictator.
7. There (is/are) a lot of criticism in the new movie.
8. Some of the machinery (is/are) rusty.
9. The rich (has/have) always received special treatment in my country.)
10. Neither of the witnesses (is/are) willing to testify.
11. One of the houses in that new area (is/are) mine.
12. Two-thirds of the student (is/are) hospitalized after eating contaminated food.
13. The number of students at the meeting (is/are) twenty.
14. 30 minutes (is/are) all the time needed to fix the broken radio.

Exercise 2

Sleep apnea ______ (be) a common sleeping disorder. A number of adults ______ (be) affected. There _______ (be) three different types of sleep apnea. A number of factors __________ (contribute) to this disorder. Children _____ (be) also at risk of getting one.

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